Roles of Human Resource Management (HRM)

Roles of Human Resource Management (HRM) The role of the human resources (HR) function has increased considerably in recent years with a number of the HR-related activities being considered as strategic activities. These activities provide for the increased role of the HR function in the management of the business leading to the term strategic HRM (human resources management) which defines the difference in approach and importance of the HR function. The concept of strategic HRM refers to HR activities that facilitate strategic flexibility with the goal of reaching a dynamic fit and adequately answering the requests of the strategy of the organisation and the environment (De Pablos Lytras, 2008, p.50). This implies that the HR activities which could be considered as strategic HRM are the HR activities which directly impact the implementation of the strategy of the organisation including those which impact the strategic direction of the organisation. These activities are best seen through examples of HR activities in organi sations which can be referenced as strategic HRM. The examples presented in this essay include the implementation of relevant training programmes to bring significant enhancement in a firms operational performance, the development of knowledge management in the organisation, and the development of overall talent level in the organisation. Each of these examples is discussed further. The first example is the implementation of relevant training programmes to bring significant enhancement in a firms operational performance. The HR function has as part of its typical mandate the training of staff in an organisation. The development of staff and their continued growth in terms of professional and personal development is one of the main challenges of the HR function particularly in the recent period where increased competition in the market place has demanded greater skills and capabilities from personnel (Kaplan Norton, 2004). For training and development activities to evolve from typical HR functional activities to strategic HRM initiatives, the actions need to have an underlying importance in support of the organisations operational activities. The research of Pandey (2007) is important as it provides some examples in which the actions of the HR function in training and development of personnel were considered to be strategic HRM activities. In this research, the impact on the firm performance was noted with the enhancement of operational efficiencies of the organisations leading to competitive advantage versus other players in the market. The results of the research indicate that the Six Sigma intervention focusing on a case study organisation resulted in processes which are the industrial best practices that synchronise with the socio-cultural system of the organisation and make it the differentiator, which is complemented with its alignment with the organisational way of functioning including the strategic intent of the firm, technical expertise of the workforce and organisational culture which were all integrated in the Six Sigma approach and objective (Pandey, 2007, p.149). Clearly, in the case study of the research, t he training initiative of the case study organisation was considered to be a strategic HRM activity given the impact of the process on the overall approach in the operations of the business. The main limitation of the study was that the scope was limited to one single case study organisation. In addition, the impact was not quantified and the cases study organisation was not identified given confidentiality considerations and it was just referred to as a multinational corporation in the financial services sector. The research of Pandey (2007) did identify a number of other companies which pursued Six Sigma interventions which could be considered as strategic HRM initiatives given the scale of the impact of the actions. Linda (2004, cited in Pandey, 2007) noted that the HR function of Dow Chemical was able to generate US$3.2 million in positive financial impact for the organisation through the Six Sigma intervention initiative. In a separate example, Bhatnagar Sharma (2004, cited in Pandey, 2007) noted that Ford had generated more than US$1 billion in savings from 2000 as a result of the firms Six Sigma intervention implemented by the HR function. In both these cases, the HR function pursued arguably strategic HR initiatives as the actions taken in relation to the training and education of the work force led to improved operational capabilities which enhanced the competitive position of the firms, and also generated significant financial benefits impacting the bottom line of the firms positiv ely. In the hospitality industry, an example of a firm which incorporates strategic HRM in its activities is the Hilton Group which links strategic HRM to its improved business performance and the delivery of the Hilton promise to its clients (Maxwell Lyle, 2002). The second example is in the development of knowledge management in the organisation. This is particularly helpful for organisations where knowledge is critical and is the main competence that differentiates an organisation from other players in the market. An example of a sector in which this is the case is the professional services sector. The research of Teo et al (2008) is important to consider as it noted the HR actions that impact the strategic position of the professional services firms. These were the HR initiatives which impact the skills, knowledge and capabilities of the staff in the organisation with a particular focus on the management of knowledge workers as this directly leads to the increased competitiveness of the professional services firms. It is the development of the human capital and its establishment as the key differentiator for the firms and its competitive advantage that distinguishes this particular action to be considered as strategic HRM. Youndt Snell (2 004) is also an important journal to consider as this shows the increased importance of human capital in the competitive advantage of organisations versus other tangible capital and assets that used to drive the competitiveness of organisations. The impact of human capital and its link to the firms performance has been noted in other research works as well (Teece, 2003; Hill et al, 2003). The limitation in the use of the research of Teo et al (2008) as a case study research for this essay is that it does not provide the specific names of the professional services firms included in the research. The third example is the development of overall talent level in the organisation. The research of Sharma Bhatnagar (2009) showed how the development of a talent management strategy is one of the key strategic HRM actions that have a significant impact on the performance of a firm. The talent management strategy can impact not only the talent level of the individual employees in the organisation but also the leadership in different levels of the organisation. The management of talent and the pipeline is a strategic HRM activity as it impacts the leadership pipeline of the organisation (Cogner Fulmer, 2005). As with the previous two examples, this example of an HR activity leads to improved performance in the organisation. Talent management thus is a driver of the enhanced capability in the organisation and its improved operational and financial performance (Chugh Bhatnagar, 2006). The research works indicated for this example of the development of talent management in an organisation as a strategic HRM action show that this is considered to be a key activity that many organisations pursue. However, the research works have not named the specific organisations utilised in the research works and the case studies consistent with typical confidential studies. Nevertheless, it is clear that talent management is considered to be an important action for organisations and is one activity that is included in the category of strategic HRM initiatives. This is driven by the impact that the initiative has on the performance of the organisation as well as the resulting competitive position of the organisations which are implementing talent management strategies to develop the skills and capabilities of the personnel in the organisation. The talent management includes actions that develop the personnel in the organisation and also attracts and recruits other staff to the org anisation in order to raise the overall talent level that exists in the organisation. The examples are only some of the HR activities that could be considered as strategic HRM. The examples presented are not meant to be exhaustive as there are certainly a number of other actions that can define strategic HRM actions. The examples do show that there are a number of principles that underpin the activities initiated by the HR function in order for these activities to be considered as strategic HRM. The HR activities that are present in an organisation which can be termed strategic HRM activities are those which impact the competitive advantage of the organisation with the HR function driving the development of the initiative and managing the actions related to the initiative. These are also the activities which are part of the typical HRM function but which now involve a strategic aspect in terms of the actions taken particularly as these relate to and support the strategic actions of the organisation. Finally, these are also the activities which generate significant ben efit to the organisation in terms of financial impact or development of skills and capabilities or personal which lead to enhanced competitiveness of the organisation. The examples presented provide an understanding of which HR activities can be part of strategic HRM and which of these activities can be meaningful enough to be considered as part of the concept of strategic HRM. Overall, the main guidance for the actions to be considered as strategic HRM is that the actions of the HR are linked to strategic decision making which impact the firms performance.

Pepsi vs Coke Brand Positioning

Week 5: Branding and Positioning Reading: * Articles – Please be sure to read all articles and view all videos listed. They are short but insightful. 1. Interbrand Names 100 Best Global Brands http://www. marketingpilgrim. com/2010/09/interbrand-names-100-best-global-brands. html 2. What P&G Taught Me About Brands http://maxbrandequity. com/Documents/What%20PG%20taught%20me%20about%20Brands. pdf 3. The Power of Brand Equity http://www. thinkingleaders. om/archives/964 Questions: Write what you believe are the current global brand positionings for Coke and Pepsi (the brands, not the companies)? Few other companies in the world have been able to construct and manage their brands as well as these companies. Much of the successful of these companies can be attributed to way in which they have managed their soft drink brands. Coke has positioned itself as an integral, crucial part of people’s everyday lives.The brand, particularly through its commercials, creates intimac y with its consumers by evoking memories and experiences with the brand and their unique selling proposition â€Å"live the Coke side of life† is a prime example of this. It’s an invitation to live on the positive side of life, with Coke. It invites people to create their own positive reality and overall says, only Coke will do because essentially, Coke is happiness in a bottle. Importantly, from a global marketing perspective, it allows each country the opportunity to interpret their own moments of happiness and the brand’s role in those moments.Pepsi’s new global brand positioning (announced this year) is reflected in their caption â€Å"Live for Now† which invites and inspires Pepsi fans to live each moment to the fullest through a breadth of global, pop-culture platforms, including relationships with music and entertainment brand evangelists, digital innovation, epic events and unique partnerships. This positioning enables the brand to pursue n ew partnerships with some of the world’s leading artists and entertainment properties.Do you believe the global positioning is different from the positioning these brands are utilizing in your home country? If yes, please provide the positioning in your home country and explain why you think it is different. The global positioning of Coke and Pepsi is the same around the world by way of general theme and overall message, however due to the differences in culture and society across the globe, the execution of the company’s respective positionings must be different for each of the markets that they serve.As each country/region of the world is quite different, it is imperative that the message is tailored in a way that is relevant and best captures the target market. For example, the recent Coke advertisement in Australia depicts a group of friends playing around on a boat off the coast (presumably of Australia) which clearly taps into the Australian beach culture. This m essage of joy and happiness is still carried but it’s made more relevant to the particular market which it is serving by the way in which the message is constructed and contextualised.The Interbrand report indicates that the Coke brand is much more valuable as an asset than the Pepsi brand. Please explain why you believe this is true, being sure to comment on: a. Strength of positioning – Coke has positioned itself more emotively than Pepsi as is evident in many of Coke‘s advertisements over the years which moreso depict the human experience through a strong emphasis on families and the community. b.Key points of parity and points of difference – both emotive in their message, but different in that Coke really taps into the general consumer’s happy experience with the brand, whereas Pepsi I believe is more targeted (particularly to the youth market) and has the image of being high-energy and action-oriented, and I think a large part of their target audience associate themselves with the brand because of that image. They are similar in that both brands consider themselves to be bold and refreshing. c.Whether any of these points of difference are competitive advantages – Coke’s positioning, with its strong association to feelings of joy and happiness, I believe gives it a competitive advantage in that these feelings and positive connections with happiness give it timeless appeal, whereas Pepsi seems to be more in-the-moment and almost â€Å"timely† by comparison. Coke, I feel, represents a state of permanent happiness whereas Pepsi is all about excitement, which we all know, is an emotion that is often fleeting. This position of happiness/longevity, I believe, is more attractive to consumers. . Line extension strategy Having a strong brand that consumers are loyal to allows an organization to extend its line of products and bring to market new products more easily.If Coke’s brand is stronger and bette r positioned (which I believe it is), then by extension, it will be of greater value since the introduction of new products can more easily be made, and therefore, new revenue streams open up for the company. There are, of course, risks associated with line extension, however if managed well, leveraging an existing brand can be of enormous financial benefit to a company. . International presence – I think Coke’s broader appeal to such human states as joy and happiness allows the brand to resonate more strongly across cultures whereas Pepsi, with its greater reliance on pop-culture and entertainment artists makes it more restricted in its global reach. Clearly, Michael Jackson will have less appeal in a developing country than in the United States, however Coke’s association with feelings of joy, family and life more generally can, as a message, be more easily carried across borders and into countries.

An Argument Against Same-Sex Adoption Essay - 2924 Words

The audience I am attempting to persuade throughout my argument is to people in the academic community, especially people in the psychology department who would be familiar with the mental affects same-sex adoption might evoke. I would also address this argument to people outside of the academic community who are unaware of the causes same sex adoption could potentially have on the children involved, in order to gain support for my side of the issue. Adoption has always been an institution that mainly focuses on the children they take care of and their well being. Recently, adoption has been a serious issue in society, and each year less and less children from foster homes are being assigned to permanent homes. However, the dilemma our†¦show more content†¦Although many may argue that homosexuals can in fact provide the same environment, I still feel that homosexual relationships are not truly permanent and for the most part are not a good situation for a child to be exposed to. As Cal Thomas, a columnist for the Boston Globe states, â€Å"According to the 2003-04 Gay/Lesbian Consumer Online Census, which surveyed the lifestyles of roughly 8,000 homosexuals, only 5% of those who describe themselves as in a current relationship say their relationship has lasted more then 20 years† (Boston Globe, 21). As this statistic shows, the majority of openly gay citizens who describe themselves as being in a relationship see the relationship end before twenty years. Although twenty years is a long period of time, it is also important to think that the relationships these homosexuals describe are not as much of a commitment as marriage, and involve no vows. In other words, relationships can end at any time, whether it be a year or twenty years. Furthermore, Thomas goes on to record that â€Å"The Bell and M.S Weinberg test found that more than 40% of white gay men had 500 or more partners, and 28% admitted 1,000 or more sex partners† (Boston Globe, 21 ). 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A Comparative Literature Review On Knowledge Management

CETM11 A Comparative Literature Review Paper 1 1. What is the research/telling question or questions? Knowledge Management In Project Environments, is the title of this paper. The paper is basically talking about the importance of the Project Management Knowledge, also known as, PKM, that is increasingly popular within temporary organisations such as handling a project or managing a company of a particular industry. Also, the challenges of knowledge management in project environment are that there is not enough evidence and findings show about the methods and almost all previous researches are focuses on only just 1 or a few cases. Hence, the paper is to explore more about how knowledge management should be used effectively and to†¦show more content†¦Not only that, company size is considered so the companies that are targeted are ranging from 500 employees to 5000 employees. It gives an insight or an idea of how bigger company deal with Project Knowledge Management compared to the smaller company. All the interviews were recorded and then transcribed for evidence and furthe r reference if needed. Other than that, the software ATLAS.ti is used to collect qualitative data. Empirical categories are being refined by the software to systematically check the interview’s transcripts. The coding frame that are being used for the said software is to give track on various aspects such as, users’ friendliness and behaviour, project performance and tools used for knowledge and project management, and the like. 4. What answers are presented? Most of the interviewees indicated that it is critical and there is a serious need for knowledge management in project environment to be improved. There are a few major findings and answers presented in this paper. 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A recentRead MoreInternational Human Resource Management: Critical Evaluation1873 Words   |  8 PagesCritical evaluation of the three approaches to International Human Resource Management A review of literature on international HRM reveals three different approaches (Dowling et al., 1999, p.2): Comparative, Cross-cultural and multi-national. Firstly, according to Adler (1997), the early approaches to researching international HRM focused on cross-cultural differences and examination of human behaviour from an international perspective. Certainly, research on cross-cultural organizational behaviour

Essay about The Crook Crew Personal Reflection - 943 Words

Instructor may use an anonymous excerpt from my paper for future classes. [HC] The Crook Crew Maya Angelou once said, â€Å"†¦ let faith be the bridge you build to overcome evil and welcome good.† This is a great example of a powerful, independent, beautiful woman that any young girl would be lucky to have just a quarter of the integrity that she had. The idea of faith being the sole foundation that I walk upon each day has been embedded in my way of life since before birth. I was born on July, 10th 1994 to the parents of Kenny and Anita Crook who are still together and my family of origin and procreation. I have two sisters who are younger than I, Mckenzie who is 17, and Sydney who is 13. We all permanently reside in the same house, but I am†¦show more content†¦My parents were without doubt authoritative parents, and they had some authoritarian mixed in. Our textbook outlines that authoritative is the ideal parenting style and that authoritarian as an overly controlled environment, and to some extent I would agree however as I will furth er explain I am thankful for the majority of restrictions and boundaries that were placed in my life. My unwritten family rule that has played a major role would be, â€Å"once something is seen or heard there is no erasing it,† and that is very generic which is why some explanations are necessary. While growing up I always felt that it was important to keep everything going into by body on a filter and my parents had no trouble making sure that was the case. I felt a constant delay in the trends of my environment, for example, I would not hear a new pop song for the first time until all of my friends already knew it by heart, or I wouldn’t see that brand new PG-13 movie until after my parents had seen it first. I followed this pattern for most of my development and as I grew in maturity my parents began redefining the boundaries to scale. Of course there were times in which the boundaries set forth were broken and the majority of the time it had to do with my cell pho ne. I was not given a cell phone until it was Christmas of my 8th grade year, and even then IShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of Jean Pierre Grumbach2751 Words   |  12 Pagesof Melville’s motivation for this new style was his intense dissatisfaction with the imperious demands of the Director’s Guild as he personally defined the French New Wave as â€Å"an artisanal system, shot on location, without stars, without a standard crew, with a very fast film stock and with no distributor, without authorization or servitude to anyone† (Neupert 71). Fortunately, Melville’s films were so loved by both the critics and the film-going public that the Guild was able to chalk up Melville’sRead MoreFactors That Affect the Academic Performance of the Student Using Computer11401 Words   |  46 Pagesteacher, school environment, and personal profile of the students (Diaz, 2003; Gianzero, 1999; Hijaz and Naqvi, 2006). As put forward by Hijaz and Naqvi, there are many ways to weigh up different factors, which can affect performance of students. It is most likely, that there is no universally accepted method to measure the performance of students. Literature Review Performance of a student depends upon many factors. Nevertheless, three factors, family, teacher, and personal profile of students are mostRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesWork Best Under Angry Leaders† 320 Self-Assessment Library What Is My Team Efficacy? 322 Point/Counterpoint We Can Learn Much About Work Teams from Studying Sports Teams 326 Questions for Review 327 Experiential Exercise Fixed versus Variable Flight Crews 327 Ethical Dilemma Unethical Teams 327 Case Incident 1 Why Don’t Teams Work Like They’re Supposed to? 328 Case Incident 2 Multicultural Multinational Teams at IBM 329 11 Communication 335 Functions of Communication 336 The CommunicationRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesNo doubt such abilities reflect Michael’s early grounding in both the practice of accounting and its economic theorization, the former at Ford and the latter initially at the London School of Economics and thereafter as a lifetime endeavour. But personal though his achievements may be, they are also reflective of a wider tradition of significant involvement in the practical sphere by senior British accounting academics. For we must remember that it was Professor Edward Stamp who was one of the first

Compare and Contrast Poems Free Essays

The Underlying Truth about War War—sometimes portrayed frivolously—may be more that the human expects it to be. It is filled with gruesome and intolerable scenes that may not even be appropriate to discuss. Wilson Owen, in transforming the mainstream ideas, branches out and discusses the horrific side of war that people would not expect. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now In â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† and â€Å"dulce et decorum est,† Wilson Owen strategically manipulates diction to illustrate the theme of the reality of war, and in doing this, sheds a light on the dreadful impact that war has. Wilson utilizes strong connotations of words in both of his poems. In â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† the title says a lot about its content. The title itself has significant use of assonance. The expression is intended to be drawn out, and set a depressing mood which parallels to the subject of war itself. The title also indicates that this is a national thing, everyone is a part of it: â€Å"Anthem†. The word signifies a national anthem, where everybody joins in and takes pride from it. The poem does not parallel that the soldiers took pride to fight in the war. The word anthem connotates a sacred song or song of praise; which alludes to church where anthems are sometimes heard, and where funerals take place. This then shows that the poem in itself is an anthem as well. Wilson then goes on to further question the â€Å"passing-bells for these who die as cattle† (1). The use of the word cattle suggests a mass amount or a collection of people in a group. It also implies that the men in the war were treated like cattle, basically dehumanizing them as people. â€Å"Dulce et decorum est† also has words with connotative meanings. The repetition of blood implies the dangers that are on the battlefield. Owen writes, â€Å"†¦blood shot† / â€Å"the blood came gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs† (6, 21-22). The blood paints a gruesome picture of life in the war. The first four words of the second stanza, â€Å"Gas! Gas! Quick, boys†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ are disjointed, fractured and monosyllabic (9). This connotes a feeling of panic and terror. The use of such verbs like â€Å"flound’ring† adds a sense of helplessness and inability. Owen is trying to illustrate the simple truth to the audience; war does not make men, it breaks them. The strong connotation of words lends way for imagery to unfold. In â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth,† Wilfred Owen tells that â€Å"only the stuttering rifles’ rapid rattle can patter out their hasty orisons† (3-4). The poet starts to reveal the realism of war through alliteration. As readers, one can visualize the sounds of the rifles as clearly as Owen intended us to. The rifles emphasize that the opposing troops did not take pity on the individuals they are trying to kill. In â€Å"dulce et decorum est,† Owen uses imagery by writing, â€Å"His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin;† (line 20). In this part of the poem, Owen talks about his â€Å"fallen† friend. Here, we see how graphic his friend looked, thus confirming the fact of the gruesome nature of war. Sickening language is used to invoke the shocking image of a man literally drowning in his own blood as the blood came â€Å"gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs† (22). This grotesque language is used to express the distasteful nature of the war. In his two poems, Owen highlights the fact that war is not all that it is chalked up to be. He does this by using strong connotative language which in turn reveals the imagery to the readers. In doing this, he wants the readers to get even a bird’s eye view of what he had to deal with every day. Certain phrases that the poet uses reflect Owen’s own disgust of the war. It show the anger that he has about how the press illustrates the war to mislead people. The descriptions that he gives shows the darkness of war that he bore witness to; therefore recreating the images and showing the destruction of purity through war. How to cite Compare and Contrast Poems, Papers

Italy Essay Paper Example For Students

Italy Essay Paper ItalyThe country I picked to do my report on was Italy. Italy, officiallythe Italian Republic, is an independent nation in southern Europe. The wordItaly comes from the ancient Oscan language and means Calf. Italy is afairly small, important mediteranean country of about 116,328 square miles. Its capital city Rome is both the industrial center as well as the culturalcenter of Italy. Romes current population is about 2,786,307 people. With thecountries over all population estimated at 57,904,628 people, at a density of498 people per square mile. 72% of these people living in urban areas, while28% of the population resides in rural areas. Some of Italys major importsinclude industrial raw materials, petroleum, meat, and cereal grains. Theprincipal exports are manufactured goods and craft items, along with fruits andvegetables. Italy usually suffers a trade deficit, but the difference ispartly offset by its large and profitable tourist industry and by money sent byItalian citizens working abroad. Italy is a country far from being land-locked,with 9 major ports including Genoa, Trieste, Taranto, Venice, Savona, andNaples. Italy has been historically important since Roman times, and millionsof tourists are attracted each year to its ancient cities and art treasures. In the 400s and 500s the popes increased their influence in bothreligious and political matters in Italy and elsewhere. The popes were usuallythe ones who made attempts to protect Italy from foreign invasion or to softenforeign rule. The popes for almost 200 years had opposed attempts by theLombards, who controlled most of Italy, to take over Rome. The popes defeatedthe Lombards with the aid of two Frankish kings, Charlemagne and Pepin the Short. The papal states were created out of land won for the popes by Pepin. From the 10th century on, Italian cities began to grow rapidly andbecame increasingly independent of one another. They flourished because oftheir access to the Mediterranean trade routes and almost had a completemonopoly on all spice and silks coming into Europe. They became centers ofpolitical life, foreign trade and banking. At this time, the church grew inpower also. The Italian popes became increasingly more involved in the Europeanpolitical scene. Many of these city states became extremely wealthy andpowerful and resisted the attempts of noblemen and emperors to control them. During the 1300s, one of the greatest eras in human history occurred,The Renaissance. The Renaissance occurred primarily in Italy in the variouscity states. Many great artists and philosophers lived during this period andenhanced Italys prestige. The kingdom of Italy was formed in 1861. Five years later, in 1866,Venetia became a part of that kingdom. Rome became its capital in 1871. Benito Mussolini became premier in 1922. In 1940, Italy entered WorldWar II on the side of the Germans. Italy surrendered in 1943 and established anew republic in 1946. Culture and CustomsThe population of Italy is approximately 58 million people, most of whomlive in the urban cities. The four largest cities in Italy, in order ofpopulation are Rome, Milan, Naples and Turin. The most densely populated areasof the country are the industrialized regions of Lombardy and Liguria in thenorthwest region of Campania in the south. The areas with the lowest populationdensity are the mountains of both the north and south. More than two thirds of Italys population reside in cities. Most livein large, concrete apartment buildings. A few of the more wealthy people livein single-family homes. The oldest sections of an Italian city are made up olow buildings that have apartments around a central courtyard. Newer parts ofthe city often have larger apartment buildings. Poor neighborhoods are usuallyfound on the outskirts of the city. Most unmarried children live with their parents. Parents often help anadult son or daughter purchase an apartment near their own. Many young womenwork outside the home, and grandparents often help care for the children ofworking mothers. Many urban areas provide public child-care centers. City growth and the increased use of the automobile have led to someserious problems with urban pollution in Italy. In large cities, the airpollution poses a health hazard and has damaged priceless architecture. Manycities have banished private cars from the city centers. Most rural communities in the past consisted of a compact settlementsurrounded by a large area of agricultural land. The farmers usually lived intown and traveled to work in the fields each day. This pattern of living wasespecially common in southern Italy, in northern Italy the farmers usually livedon their land. Italians take great pride in the quality of their cooking. Theytraditionally eat their main meals at midday. Large meals usually consist of apast course, followed by a main course of meat or fish. Italian foods varygreatly by region. In the north, flat, ribbon-shaped pastas served with creamsauces are most popular. In the south, macaroni served with tomato-based saucesis the favorite type of pasta. Italians enjoy a wide variety of sports. Soccer is the most popularsport in Italy. Every major city has a professional soccer team. But soccer isnot just a spectator sport- on weekends Italys parks are filled with childrenand adults playing the game. Basketball is also very popular, and some citieshave more than one professional basketball team. Other popular sports includefishing, hunting, cycling, roller skating, and baseball. Major ReligionsAbout 95 percent of the population in Italy is Roman Catholic. Mostreligious ceremonies such as baptisms, weddings and funeral services are held inchurch. Only about 30 percent of all Italians attend church regularly. Manyothers occasionally attend church. An agreement called the Lateran Pact governsthe relationship between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church. For example, thepact exempts priests and other members of religious orders from military serviceand gives tax exemptions to Catholic organizations. The Lost Colony at Roanoke The first effort made b EssayThe third region is the Adriatic Plain. It is a small region north ofthe Adriatic Sea. Its eastern edge borders Yugoslavia. This area is not verywell suited for farming. The fourth region is the Apennines. This region stretches almost theentire length of Italy. The mountains in this region have steep inclines ofsoft rock and are constantly eroding as a result of heavy rain. The northernApennines have some of the largest forests in the country and much pasture land. The central part of the range has productive farmland and grazing. The southernApennines include the poorest part of Italy. This area has plateaus and highmountains, but few natural resources. The fifth and sixth regions are the Apulia and southeastern Plains. These form the heel of the boot-shaped peninsula. This region is composed ofplateaus that end as cliffs at the Mediterranean Sea. The seventh region is the Western Uplands and Plains. This areastretches along the Tyrrhenian Sea from La Spezia, a port city just south ofGenoa, southward past Naples to Salerno. It is a rich agricultural region,second only to the Po Valley in agricultural output. Sicily is the eight region. Sicily is the largest island in theMediterranean Sea. It is separated from mainland Italy by the Start of Messina. The island has mountains and plains. Mount Etna, one of the largest activevolcanoes in the world, dominates the landscape of northeastern Silicy. Severerosion caused in part by the clearing of forests, has hampered agriculture andmade travel in many inland areas difficult during the wet season. The climate of Italy is temperate. The spring, summer and fall aregenerally sunny, but winter is rainy and cloudy. In early spring, hot dry airfrom the Sahara expands and covers Italy. The summer climate of much of Italyis dry, with occasional rainstorms. TechnologyItalys technological level is equal to that of the U.S in certain areas. The northern part of Italy uses some of the most advanced manufacturing methodsin its factories. One quarter of the countries power is supplied through stateof the art hydroelectric dams. More than 450 privately owned televisionstations and over 1000 private radio stations are operating in Italy. Italy has an excellent system of roads. Large, modern superhighways runthe length of the Italian peninsula. Tunnels though the Alps link the highwaysystem to those of neighboring countries. Italy has an average of about 1 carfor ever 3 people. When compared to the United States, Italy is only slightly behind. TheUnited States has more advanced computers and telecommunications system. Inmedical technology, Italy is equal to the U.S but the technology is not aswidely available as it is in the United States. Natural ResourcesItaly is limited in the number of natural resources and must rely onimports. Much of the mineral deposits in Italy are found on the islands ofSicily and Sardinia and in the regions of Lombardy, Tuscany and in the north--central and northwestern parts of the peninsula. The most important naturalresource of Italy is natural gas, which is found primarily in the Po Valley. Italy also produces abundant amounts of marble and granite. Other mineralsimportant to Italy are feldspar, pumice and sulfur. For it its energy supply, Italy relies upon other countries. Petroleumimported from Libya provides more than half of the countries energy. Italyimports much of its oil from Iran and Libya. Italy produces very small amounts of petroleum. Most of Italyspetroleum is found in Sicily. I found Italy to be an interesting country. Many of the greatest andmost important eras in mankind occurred in Italy. The Renaissance, The RomanEmpire and some of World War II all happened in Italy. I believe the historicaland cultural significance of Italy is largely overlooked. Another reason I chose Italy is that it is a country we rarely study inschool. When we study European history, we mainly cover France or Germany, etc. We rarely get into countries that are just as important as Italy. When we dostudy them, we blend them all together and just get a brief overview of thecountries history and culture. One of the things that fascinated me about this country was its place incurrent world economics. Italy has a high GDP and is heavily involved in tradeon the Mediterannean. Italy has the largest shipping fleet in the world. Whenthe news mentions the strongest economic nations, you never hear about Italy. Yet I found that Italy is a significant player in world economics. The government and political system of Italy also fascinated me. Thepolitical system there seems more complex than the one in the United States. The House of Deputies has over 600 members and the Senate over 300. I alsofound It interesting that ex-presidents are given permanent positions in theirgovernment as Senators. One of the things that bothered me in researching this paper was that itwas difficult to summarize the history of the country. Many of the books I hadwere long and covered the history in so much detail that it was hard to skimthrough and take out the important events and make them fit into this paper. When researching this paper at the library, many of the books were either travelguides or books about the art of Italy. There were quite a few about theculture and past but it took awhile to find them among all the travel guides. If I had a chance to visit this nation I definitely would. Italy seemslike a fun place to visit because of all the old historic sites. It would beinteresting to visit all the old Roman and middle age ruins that are located inItaly.